Introduction:
We have three main research goals: to examine the (1) role of individual-level factors in adopting beliefs in just war (reasons and aims for it); (2) universality (vs. cultural specificity) of beliefs related to just war (reasons and means); and (3) macro-level factors moderating the concept of just war across national and religious backgrounds.
To examine the concept of just war we use three-dimensional model of beliefs in just war, validated in Poland: (1) just war – restricted view on reasons and means of war, as self-defensive and targeted only toward military goals; (2) utilitarian war – unrestricted view on war reasons, accepting war as a way of intergroup conflicts resolutions; (3) dirty war – unrestricted view on war means, accepting any means useful in defeating the enemy.
-> Project description download
Aim of project:
The current project focuses on the concept of just war from political and cross-cultural psychology perspectives, addressing the roles of personality, beliefs, and cultural factors (Lopez & Johnson, 2020). The concept of just war refers both to reasons for war and the way the war is conducted (Coates, 2018; McMahan, 2005; Watkins, 2020). Therefore, we will examine the extent to which people of different nationalities and religious background perceive the war as justified, while testing the role of individual-level and macro-level factors in shaping these perceptions. To explain the possible psychological underpinnings of just war, we focus on collective narcissism (CN); right-wing authoritarianism [RWA], religiosity and spirituality. We will examine agentic/communal CN in conjunction with national and religious identifications, as particularly relevant for intergroup conflict (Böhm et al., 2020). Warfare studies typically address three levels of analysis (Lopez & Johnson, 2020). The international level refers to the policy-related factors or distribution of power, the domestic level refers to state-related factors, like kind of regime, while the individual level focuses on such factors as beliefs, personality, or culture (Lopez & Johnson, 2020). The concept of just war refers both to reasons for the war and the way it is conducted (Walzer, 1977). In the current project we plan to validate three-dimensional model of just war beliefs described above. We supplement self-report part by an index of extremal war means, rejected by most participants, like using tortures, nuclear weapon or targeting civilians in aim to intimidate the opponent.
If you are interested in joining to the project please contact with project manager:
Methods:
Just war beliefs (Żemojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2022) – 17-tem scale with three factors supplemented by 4-item “outliers” including extremal war means (like using nuclear weapon or targeting civilians).
Collective narcissism (religious and national): the CNS (Golec de Zavala et al., 2009), the CCNI (Żemojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2021).
Collective identification: brief Social Identification Scale (Cameron, 2004); identity scale of CSES (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) –national and religious
Personality: normal: BFI-S (Lang et al., 2015); dark: Dirty Dozen Dark Triad (Jonason & Webster, 2010); NARQ-S (Leckelt et al., 2018); Narcissistic Sanctity and Heroism Questionnaire (Żemojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2022); 4-item sadism (abbreviated version from SD4; Plouffe et al., 2022).
Political personality: 12-item RWA (Duckitt, 2006), 10-item SDO (Duckitt, 2006)
Religiosity: 9-item religiosity scale (Lavric & Flere, 2008).
Spirituality: 13-item universality and connectedness part of STS (Piedmont, 1999; 2010).
The list of collaborators (click to download)
“Just-war” Cross-cultural Research Group
Leaders: Magdalena Żemojtel-Piotrowska, Jarosław Piotrowski,
Cross-Cultural Psychology Centre, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw
Statistical team:
Maksim Rudnev, Independent Researcher
Artur Sawicki, University of Gdansk
Albania
Agim Mamuti, Mother Theresa University, North Macedonia
Algeria
Salima Hamouda, University of Biskra, Algeria
Habib Tiliouine, University of Oran, Algeria
Austria
Katherine Gundolf, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Austria
Argentina
Luis Jaume, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Armenia
Narine Khachatryan, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
Australia
Mladen Adamovic, King's College London, United Kingdom
Bangladesh
Rumana Aktar,
Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong
Imran Hossain,
Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong
Belgium
Alain van Hiel, Ghent University, Belgium
Vassilis Saroglou, University of Louvain, Belgium
Bosna & Hercegovina
Ognjen Riđić, International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Emil Knezović, International University of Sarajevo (IUS), Bosnia and Herzegovina
Goran RiđićUniversity of Economics for Management (HDWM), Germany
Brazil
Valdiney V. Gouveia, Federal University of Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
Brunei
Nur Amali Aminnuddin, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
Bulgaria
Sonya Dragova-Koleva, New Bulgarian University, Sofya, Bulgaria
Chile
Anna Wlodarczyk, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
China
Fanli Jia, Seton Hall University, NJ, USA
Maxim Likhanov, Beijing Normal University, China
Colombia
Martha Martín-Carbonell, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Colombia
Yuli Suarez Colorado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Colombia
Croatia
Doroteja Pavan Jukić, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Croatia
Tomislav Jukić, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Croatia
Benjamin Mrkušić, MBA, International University of Sarajevo (IUS)
Czechia
Martina Klicperova-Baker, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
Denmark
Einar Baldvin Baldursson, Aalborg University, Denmark
Ecuador
Aitor Larzabal Fernandez, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador-Ambato, Ecuador
Egypt
Walaa Labib M. Eldesoki, Department of Education and Psychology, faculty of Science and Arts in Qurayyat, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia & Department of Psychology, faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Egypt
Estonia
Kadi Liik, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
Ethiopia
Gashaw Tesfa, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia
Finland
Rasmus Mannerström, University of Helsinki, Finland
Georgia
Maia Mestvirishvili, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia
Germany
Matthias Burghardt, University of Konstanz, Germany
Goran Ridic, University of Economics for Management (HDWM), Germany
Ghana
Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,
Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kumasi, Ghana
Greece
Delia Stefenel, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania
Hungary
Monika Kovacs, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
India
Naved Iqbal, Jama Milia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
Shanmukh V. Kamble, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
Indonesia
Rahkman Ardi, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Iran
Fatemeh Zand, Department of Psychology, Institute of Higher Education Non-profit of Tolo Mehr, Qom, Iran
Somayeh Zand, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Iraq
Zana Hasan Babakr, Soran University, Iraq
Israel
Mabelle Kretchner, , Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
Uri Lifshin, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
Italy
Mario Bonato, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Calogero Lo Destro, Università degli studi Niccolò Cusano, Italy
Emanuela Gritti, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, Italy
Peter K. Jonason, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland & Padova University, Italy
Japan
Joonha Park, NUCB School, Nagoya, Japan
Kazakhstan
Adil Samekin, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Aidos Bolatov, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Latvia
Dzintra Iliško, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
Lithuania
Tadas Vadvilavicius, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania
Malta
Marilyn Clark, University of Malta, Malta
Olga Bogolyuobova, Leiden University, the Netherlands
Mexico
Rogelio Puente Diaz, Anáhuac University, Mexico
Alejandra Del Carmen Dominguez Espinosa, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Mexico
Nepal
Sandesh Dhakal, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Nigeria
Charles S. Umeh, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Olusola Ayandele, The Polytechnic, Ibadan
North America (Canada/USA)
Muhammed Bilgehan Aytaç, Aksaray Üniversitesi
North Macedonia
Agim Mamuti, Mother Theresa University, North Macedonia
Peru
Jano Ramos-Diaz, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú
Sergio Dominguez, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú
Pakistan
Najma Malik, University of Sargodha
Sadia Malik, University of Sargodha
Poland
Magdalena Żemojtel-Piotrowska, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland
Jarosław Piotrowski, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland
Artur Sawicki, University of Gdansk, Poland
Bartłomiej Nowak, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland
Paweł Brzóska, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland
Portugal
Christin‐Melanie Vauclair, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
Elena Piccinelli, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
Russia
Dmitry Grigoryev
Albina Gallyamova
Qatar
Mohammed Salah Hassan, University of Malaya
Romania
Sergiu Bălțătescu, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
Serbia
Veljko Jovanovic, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Singapore
Norman Lee, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Bryan Choi, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Slovakia:
Robert Tomšík, Výskumný ústav detskej psychológie a patopsychológie (VÚDPaP)
Slovenia
Andrej Starc, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Spain
Begona Espejo, University of Valencia, Spain
Irene Checca, University of Valencia, Spain
Sweden
Sabina Cehajic-Clancy, University of Stockholm, Sweden
Switzerland
Matthias Burghardt, University of Konstanz, Germany
Tabea Hässler, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Thailand
Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
The Netherlands
Kees van den Bos, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
Anne Janssen, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
The United Kingdom
Chanki Moon, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
John Maltby, University of Leicester, UK
Kostas Papageorgiu, Queen’s University of Belfast, UK
Constantine Sedikides, University of Southampton, UK
The United States
Heather Kumove, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya
Alison J. Marganski, Le Moyne College
Richard G. Cowden, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Trinidad & Tobago
Troy Smith, Targeted Evidence-Based Research Solutions, Trinidad & Tobago
Turkey
Emrah Özsoy, Sakarya University, Turkey
Emre Oruc, University of Ankara, Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Zahir Vally, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
Ukraine
Illia Yahiiaiev, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Karine Malysheva, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Uruguay
Pablo Perez de Leon, Universidad Católica del Uruguay Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga
Vietnam
Kiều Thị Thanh Trà, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Vietnam